Common mistakes when learning English

Common mistakes when learning English
Learning English - not so complicated and impossible task as it might seem at first glance. In order to achieve the desired success, it is necessary to organize the workflow and try to avoid common mistakes. In this article we will look at the reasons that even the most diligent people do not achieve good results.

Too high expectations

Unfortunately, each of us has a negative impact advertising, most of which is quite absurd. In your city opened a new "super school foreign language", which promises to greatly improve your level in a couple of weeks? You should not believe such a sweet lie: in the short term, you can not learn any English or German or Chinese. Bring their knowledge up to a decent level from scratch can be a minimum of 1 year of enhanced training.

Incorrect setting a goal

If you learn a language just because it is fashionable or "no English way", then you will not be too strong motivation. The real goal - the study of the language for a new and more promising work, a complete change of qualifications, admission to prestigious educational institution (such as abroad), travel. You must clearly understand what benefits you will bring new knowledge.

Focus on grammar

The most popular and dangerous mistake. Studies show that too intensive study of grammar only a negative impact on speech abilities. Why? English Grammar can be difficult to understand the logic and communication in real time is very fast. It turns out that you will not have enough time to recall the memorized hundreds of rules just to speak. It is desirable that you have mastered English grammar subconsciously and intuitively. The best way - is to actively communicate with foreigners and listen to correct English speech.

The study only official English from books

This approach to learning is justified only if you intend to deliver a serious international test. If you simply need to greatly improve their own knowledge, do not forget about other methods. Native English speakers to communicate virtually no use arcane phrases, which you can find in the major textbooks. If you want to succeed, do not forget about learning idioms, phrasal verbs, and even slang.

Too strong commitment to the ideal

And teachers and their students are too often dwell on mistakes and upset because of them. Alas, trying to get closer to the ideal, you forget that even native speakers allow for inaccuracies in his speech. Rather than dwell on the negative, focus on the process of communication and language learning. Your goal - to learn how to transmit their own thoughts so that they are understood by people around. Over time, you will no longer admit past mistakes.

Hope for the school and tutoring

Many people who are learning English, and even rely unduly shift the responsibility on teachers or courses at language schools. This is quite wrong. First of all, it all depends on you. A good tutor only provides necessary assistance. You need to deal with every day, even if your teacher asked you not homework. Only you will be able to bring myself to study seriously.

The study of individual words

Instead of studying individual lexical units need to focus on memorizing ready-made phrases. So how do small children. Remember, you do not memorized as a child-like design «do-did-done»? That's right, you are immediately memorized whole phrases or sentences. In fact, it's quite easy. Best Assistant - reading.

Lack of consolidation of the material studied

In the study of any language should be guided by the rule "less, but better." If you think the phrase you learned yesterday, you can remember a month, most likely, this is misleading. Unused and unneeded information our brain simply discarded. It would be great if you take the time to repeat the studied material several times at regular intervals. For example, the first iteration of a day, the next 3-4 days and one week later. This method allows secure important knowledge in long-term memory and easily "get" them out if necessary.

Premature speaking

Many fans very fast methods of learning foreign languages ​​argue that to begin to speak English need to have from the very first sessions. Now imagine: a child who is just beginning to get acquainted with the speech of others, immediately forced to talk. It is unlikely that this will be something reasonable. Without some store of knowledge you do not get nothing but frustration. That is why competent tutors to focus on student listening to audio produced by native speakers.

Disorganization

Absenteeism, lack of specific training methods, the constant change of coaches - at a pace you will not be able to quickly and efficiently learn English. First, you need to properly plan their time. If you choose to study on their own, then try to make the lessons were at least 3-4 times a week. Better - every day. Otherwise, tangible progress will be difficult to achieve. Second, sign schedule with the exact start and end times of classes. Mark the short-term goals that you are going to achieve in language learning. Stick to the established plan and not skip classes.

Lack of concentration on pronunciation

The fact that the pronunciation of English and Russian language differs, heard each. You can perfectly know grammar to possess a good vocabulary, and even be able to apply this knowledge in practice, but ... speaking with a terrible accent. The reasons for this phenomenon may be disappointing weight: selection of an incompetent tutor, insufficient allocation of time working out the pronunciation, ignoring the audio course, the lack of live communication in English ... The main problem is that over time, eliminate errors of pronunciation is becoming increasingly difficult.

Reluctance to read English

Yes, reading foreign newspapers, magazines and books - a rather difficult task. But there's no need for you to understand literally every written word. It is important to understand the general meaning of the text and study to determine the value of the lexical items in context. Usually text is checked before by proofreading agency .  Regular reading will help you to not only expand their own vocabulary, but also learn how to build your own speech. Without noticing, you learn more than a dozen rules of English grammar. Do not give up cheap (or even free) option practices.

Teaching a student English.

           In this article we consider in detail the student's teaching methods English. These methods may be useful for parents who want to learn English with their children. Currently, the level of training in regular schools is far from a systematic approach to learning English. In this regard, many parents are turning to private tutors to teach their student or themselves. In this context, we consider how to instill in your student a love of the English language from an early age, as in childhood, the perception is much faster than in the adult. What to do with a student before the English language, the better, because in this age, student absorb all the information.

         First we need to decide to engage the student in English tutor individually or in a group. If we consider the option of training in a group, then the best way would be to combine these exercises with the student of their friends and acquaintances. These classes should be held in small groups of 2-4 people, about two to three times a week. You can do with a student on their own a little bit every day, but this method is less effective. If these options do not suit you, you can simply write the student in an ordinary group of English language courses for student . Such groups today abound. In training a student in school, you need to find a certain approach to the implementation of lessons and tasks as may be reluctance to do homework student . In such cases, the student's interest, or assist in the preparation of homework in English. Then the student has to do the work himself, as if for him to do the job, it will not be any result. In the course of a student's learning English, you will see and understand how it perceives the material, if the perception is going well, it will complete this training watching cartoons in English, read stories, play games, sing songs, you can write mini-vocabulary dictation.

On the Internet there are many useful resources and assignments. It is also necessary to stimulate the student's rewards and ratings system, as this will give a direction to the student's desire to learn. To devote more time to communicate with the student. Control his knowledge gained during the training, organize joint meetings with families whose student are also learning English. Communicate with teachers and tutors of the English language that would optimize your student's learning. If possible, visit the English-speaking country where the student will be able to immerse themselves in the language. In the host country more time to spend on excursions and exhibitions, thus you are interested in the culture of English-speaking country of the child that will stimulate his interest in learning English. With this method of training is very important to capture the student's attention on aspects such as style of speech, grammar, various figures of speech, it's important in the formation of speaking, the foundation is laid for the future. When a little student begins to develop spoken language, you need to move on to more serious course and methods for the study of the English language, which will provide the fundamental direction in understanding the basics of the English language.
           Identifies important principles of teaching student English. In order to achieve a certain result, you need to practice the basic techniques of teaching student English. Namely:

      - In the results obtained with the effective teaching requires naturalness. The student should be interested in learning English. No need to make it all should take place without pressure.

     - Next, the method of binding sequences that do not need to do much bias on English grammar, forcing him to teach him the rules unclear. We need to start slowly: learning words and phrases to listen in English. Everything should be consistently and gradually.

    - It is necessary to remember about the persistence - if the process has already begun training with the baby, you need to persevere more, even if you do not see more concrete results. It is necessary to analyze the different methods of teaching to the child and then maybe there will be the necessary results.

         The process of teaching student English language requires a great deal of patience and effort, as interest and captivate the student at various teaching methods, it is very important in the direction of its future development. Upon reaching the desired results need to constantly work repetition, and what you have learned, is one aspect of success. The most interesting option consolidate the material - a game in English. Consider five simple games in English. At the stage of learning school age student in the classroom can become tired and are not interested. This may result in lack of interest in the subject, fatigue classes or thoughts are not in English. In such a case the best option cheer lesson is a game for 15-20 minutes. You do not need special training, but will strengthen the interest in the study of the planned material.
       The first game - called 20 questions. This game is that one of the student must think the word, and the rest must find out what that word by asking leading questions, which the student can answer "yes" or "no." In this game it is best to designate certain subjects and to harmonize with the student to guess words that are somehow associated with the topic. This game allows you to guess the words and whole phrases that denote a well-known object or phenomenon. This game allows children to overcome difficulties in the preparation of issues - especially with word order and the auxiliaries, and this version of the game helps to improve knowledge of English language learning.
      The second game - a race board. In this game a group of student is divided into teams and the larger the group, the merrier. Next, you need to divide the board into pieces - each team a corner. Next you need to specify some topic that may topic you were at the last lesson. Each team on their side of the board is to write as many words on this topic. This game is very well suited for the practice of learned vocabulary and grammar of the English language. In order to stimulate the game you need to provide prizes - such as sweets, a very good option.

United Kingdom

Royal tradition

The tradition of the Royal court most often couched in the form of various ceremonies performed by the Queen and her family.

The opening of Parliament 

Queen officially opens new session of Parliament each year, usually in October or November. She together with the Duke of Edinburgh departs from Buckingham Palace to Westminster in the state coach. Before the Queen and her entourage enter the Parliament building, the Palace guards searched the cellars of the building. This tradition is observed since 1605, when a group of conspirators tried to blow up the houses of Parliament.

Awards 

Ceremony held at Buckingham Palace 20 times a year. Sometimes they are also conducted in Edinburgh the Palace and outside of the United Kingdom. Every awards show attended by up to 150 candidates, each of which can invite up to three guests. The Queen enters the room, accompanied by two officers. A military of Orkest. The Queen or another member of the Royal family, who conducts the ceremony, standing throughout the awarding procedure, which lasts just over an hour. After the orchestra played the national anthem, the Lord Chamberlain in turn calls the name of each candidate and the reason for which it is awarded. Then the Queen attaches to her chest with the lucky prize and congratulates him. At the ceremony the Queen also dedicates knighthood.

Receptions in the Royal garden 

More than 30 thousand people attend receptions in the Royal garden every year. Is held every summer at least three receptions at Buckingham Palace and one at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. These techniques are carried out from 1860-ies. In the 50 years of the 20th century, the number of receptions in the garden of Buckingham Palace was increased from two to three per year. Sometimes the Queen gives an additional reception in the garden, which is conducted for a large national organization, which celebrates a good round figure , for example, the Red Cross, or, for example, to mark the year of the Disabled. To receive out people from all spheres of society: government, armed forces, diplomatic corps. Invitations are sent by the Lord Chamberlain on behalf of the Queen. At the reception, the timing of which is usually from 4 to 6 PM, there is up to 8 thousand guests.
The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh together with other members of the Royal family walking around among the guests after you play the national anthem of great Britain. Each of the members of the Royal family walking through the garden your way, so each of the guests had the opportunity to be represented and to communicate with Royal personages. During receptions music played on the stage two military orchestra. The Queen and other members of her family, in the end, arrive to the Royal tent, where they drink tea. Also at the reception, I put a separate tent for the diplomatic corps and all other guests. Served tea and sweets. About 6 o'clock in the evening the Royal family leave the garden, and the orchestra plays the national anthem of great Britain again to mark the end of the reception.

Official visits 

The Queen is head of England and the British Commonwealth of Nations. The Ministry of foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom sends out invitations to heads of other States. Usually in the year the Queen receives representatives of foreign States. Each of these visits lasts from Tuesday to Friday, during which the head of a foreign state not only manages to meet the Queen, Prime Minister, Ministers, leaders of political parties and heads of diplomatic missions in London, but also to attend the state Banquet in his honour, to return with their dinner and to spend the day outside of London and Edinburgh, during which he or she meets with other aspects of British life.

Other ceremonies 

Ceremony in memorial day in Whitehall will be held on second Sunday of November, when all the people the Queen pays to give lost in the two world wars and other military conflicts of the twentieth century. The Queen, other members of the Royal family, representatives of the armed forces and leaders of political parties in the country hold two minutes of silence at the monument to the fallen in Whitehall. Then the Queen and all present put wreaths at the monument, followed by a short service, the orchestra plays the national anthem of great Britain and the Queen leaves. War veterans marching past the monument, paying tribute to the fallen. Christmas message the monarch to his people began to broadcast on the radio George V in 1932. Queen Elizabeth II gave his first radio message in 1952 and on TV in 1957. Previously appeals held live, but since 1960 they are written in advance and only broadcast on Christmas day. There is a tradition of almsgiving by the monarch on Maundy Thursday during Holy week. This ceremony is held in one of the cathedrals or abbeys of the country, and money is given to pensioners living in the parish. This tradition originates in the 13th century, when the kings handed the poor and the ill food and clothing, and even washed their feet.

English today

English today - the second largest population in the world, its dialects, is spoken by more than 400 million people. On this basis, but also because of the extraordinary ease of the study and the brevity of the main words or phrases of English in the 20th century became the language of international communication.

Modern English is a direct descendant of old English, or Anglo-Saxon language, spoken arrived in Britain in the 5th century the Germanic tribes of angles, Saxons and Utes. Modern morphological and phonetic outlines of the language acquired in the XVI century, and based on the London dialect, which created their most wonderful works of Shakespeare and Francis bacon.

English is a classic example of an analytical language, in which grammar is ancient inflectional endings and prefixes play a crucial role word order, prepositions and articles.
But it took a very long time, and it is not surprising that the English language undergoes changes. These changes were made to the articles.

As already mentioned, in modern English has established the concept of the three article: certain the, indefinite a/an and zero (the meaningful absence of the article).

A definite article is inherent value of individualization, it characterizes the subject, as already known, the specific allocated from the entire class of homogeneous items with him. The indefinite article describes the object, the name of which it is associated as one of the representatives, any representatives of a class of objects.

But now you can see that in English magazines, Newspapers, spoken language, and so forth there is a tendency to use the articles are not traditional, classical rules.
In English, the articles have become quite often be omitted, if this does not change the meaning of a sentence. About "Article in English" you can read on this post 

Reading and text proofreading

Reading and text proofreading. Of them first in order of action — reading. The so-called comparison of text typed on the source text of source — to verify the identity of the text set the text source.

About proofreading — about its tasks and technology — I wrote in the article "As the author to proofread the text and how to use proofreading tools for Microsoft Word tools for Microsoft Word". Proofreading is a complex process; reading is easier to do. However, the process of reading also has its own difficulties and peculiarities. I talk about them in this article, based on my experience of reading texts on paper and electronic media.

The task of proofreading

The problem of read — one: to check that everything typed exactly corresponds to the source from which the text was typed, and at the same time to fix in the set of identified discrepancies. It is clear that even a skilled typesetter can skip a word, sentence, or paragraph, and whole page, can distort the name, initials, term, it is a mistake to dial a number. It can be anything! All this should be checked, and upon detection of errors, omissions, repetitions make the text typed in the edit. A set must match the source word for word, letter to letter, number to number, punctuation mark to punctuation mark.

When reading do not be distracted by other work with the text, combining the reading with proofreading or editing. Correcting only discrepancies with the source and incidentally — noticed technical flaws of the set (set missing spaces between words, remove spaces before punctuation, etc.).

The pace of the reading

Reading is only done once, so no need to rush, so you do not doubt, are all checked.

Proofreading— alone or together?

Together, of course, more fun. Can, and faster. One reads the text out loud, the second silently watching for another text. Sometimes, and not silently. An interesting text to draw the reading into the discussion — and then the two of us just faster. But if we are serious about reading work together, of course, is good and at the same time quick.

LOGICAL PERSPECTIVE A COHERENT TEXT

 As between words in a simple sentence and parts of individual phrases in the complex there are certain semantic relationships, and so there they are between sentences in connected text. In the work, anticipating the incarnation of a literary text in sounding speech, the moment of understanding the semantic relations between phrases is an important and necessary part of the work of actor and narrator. Without this it is impossible to convey the meaning of the whole, will remain unclear main idea, the idea of a work or passage. The listener will get tired of the perceptions of individual sentences, even if clearly and accurately expressed in their content, but outside of their semantic relationships with each other. Only "the ability to carry the main idea through a chain of composing her sentences"[23] creates a logical perspective coherent text. Understanding the basic thought of work makes you appreciate the phrase according to their greater or lesser importance for uncovering the main. This makes the speech the actor "so to speak farsighted, not nearsighted -- He can -- not to speak certain phrases, words and whole thoughts and frames"[24].

In a written speech there is a kind of obstacles to determine the intonation of the sound prospects thoughts into coherent text. Such obstacle is the mismatch in many cases grammatical punctuation that separates one sentence from another, intonational expression of the semantic relationships of these phrases. For example, the point in the written text in voiced speech with the promising development of the passage can be replaced by the intonation of a colon, semicolon or other character. Consider a small excerpt:

The fact of the meaning and beauty of the struggle. Life thrashes you, and you now give it back. Well, any fool will live, and you try to live and fight in bad conditions. Yeah don't hide their heads under their wings, as the ostrich, and look life in the face.

In the excerpt of four phrases, and they are all separated by dots. If telling the text to follow the intonation of these signs, the first and second phrase obessmyslivaet quite as well as in their content lies the need to communicate with each other. The presence in the first sentence the words "that" requires that the phrase was either a result of text that could be in front of it, or the contents of it should appear next (second) sentence, and the listener is alerted by the tone of the colon:

"That's the meaning and the beauty of struggle: the life thrashes you, and you now give it back." Leaving in of speech point, we cannot carry this explanatory connection. The semantic relationship between the second and third sentence are in the nature of explanations. Between them is easily inserted the word "because". Thus, the two verses are the second and third serve to reveal wider view of the meaning and beauty of the struggle. To make it easier to convey this in the story between them should sound a semicolon. Finally, the last fourth phrase is an optional enhancement to the third: not only learn to live and fight in nasty ways, but do it with courage. Such a relationship requires replacement of the penultimate semicolon, and the last point, of course, is replaced with an exclamation mark, which is considerably brighter than the approver transmits the energy of thought: meaning and beauty of the struggle in the ability to not give up, be brave and overcome all obstacles. The whole passage after replacing the grammar of signs will look as follows:

"That's the meaning and the beauty of struggle: the life thrashes you, and you now give back somehow; [because] when well, any fool will live, and you try to live and fight in bad conditions, don't hide your head under your wing, like an ostrich, and look life in the face!"

The question naturally arises, why are these characters the author used when writing the passage. The answer to this question is the existing difference between the written speech and oral speech sound. Expressing the main idea of a passage or work a certain number of phrases, the writer regards them as an integral part of a larger building and often for more relief of their differentiation is the point, knowing that the eyes readers can see these boldly separated dot parts in a meaningful coupling with each other. The reader can easily go back to each previous sentence to understand the development of the main idea. The same listening ear perceives it phrase for phrase, and, if the speaker can't carry in a bright intonational expression of semantic relations between them, the listener will lose interest in this speech. It will be presented to him marking time without forward motion, without development.

However, the issue of substitutions of grammatical signs signs that convey a logical perspective of the text, should not lead to the conclusion that ignoring signs of the author. Such a conclusion would be a grave mistake. The punctuation of the original text deserve the most attention and are the main reference points in the semantic analysis of text.

Promising an expression of a thought in a coherent text of speech is impossible without prior thorough analysis and accurate understanding of the semantic relationships between individual phrases.

What can help to identify these links?

After the first reading of the book or passage, it is important to determine its subject. Following a second reading subject to clarifying the main idea develops in the text. Then you should contact the clarification of semantic relations between phrases, placing them in strict accordance with the main idea.

In the process of understanding the interdependence of sentences in the text is useful to insert between adjacent phrases in the questions, the unions and the Union of the word and note the set of semantic relationships relevant punctuation marks, putting them in parentheses next to the characters of the author.

In the art of recitation in the same way as in the work on the role, the definition of semantic relations in many cases can be subjective, depending on the interpretation of the work. But in each case the reciter and the actor has to decide exactly what is the significance of this phrase, explains whether it previous, something opposes said before, or is the result already mentioned. Without promising of expression speech the actor and the reader will not be able to be convincing.

Let's deal in perspective, of a passage from Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky". Signs to be replaced, we will emphasize; in parenthesis we will put the signs representing semantic relations between the phrases:

But the best joke was honored for kirila Petrovitch next.(:) Hungry bears will lock up, sometimes in an empty room, tied his rope in the ring and screwed into the wall. (,) (The rope was long almost the entire room, so only one opposite corner could be safe from the attack of a fearsome beast). (,) Was brought commonly the beginner to the door of the room, accidentally pushed it to the bear, the door was locked, (—) and the unfortunate victim was left alone with shaggy hermit. (;) Poor guest, with the flap torn and scratched to draw blood, soon sought out a safe corner, but was forced sometimes as much as three hours standing, pressed against the wall, and see how enraged the beast is two steps away from him, roared, jumped, reared, rushed and tried to reach out to him. (—) These were noble amusements of a Russian barin!

The theme of the passage: Barsky fun Troyekurov. Look at the perspective of this passage. The first two phrases are connected by an explanatory relationship. The attention of the listener after the first phrase focuses on the description of the details of the "jokes" Troyekurov, and it is natural there should sound the tone of the colon. The third sentence conveys a very important detail in the room with the bear, but it drops out of the list of details in the description, therefore, should be regarded as introductory, and we conclude it in brackets followed by a comma. The enumeration ends with the phrase: "the unfortunate victim was left alone with the hairy hermit". The comma in front of it does not convey the entire extent of the expression, which is contained in these words. Therefore, it should be replaced with performing this function with dash: "the door was locked — and the unfortunate victim was left alone with the hairy hermit". Then follows a phrase that felt a guest in this situation, and hence the voice after the word "desert" can't go to the final story reduction, and a writing point in an oral story is replaced by a semicolon. In the next sentence, in contrast with the relative security of the poor guest and his terrible visual impressions. Psychological capacity deepens their last sentence that the author ends with an exclamation mark: "those were the amusement of a noble Russian gentleman!" The expression of indignation, accumulated in a consecutive narrative, here finds its completion.
You can read more about proofreading service on this blog.

Technical editing and proofreading

Technical editing and proofreading
If you have composed the layout and you want to be sure that the document does not contain structural and technical errors, then you can use the "Technical editing".
In the process of editing the editor checks the correctness of the structure of the layout (partitioning, sections, chapters, etc.), corrects problems caused by the changes of other text editors, checks the text contents, checks the correctness of the construction of the headers and the lettering lays out the inset.
Technical editing as a rule, is the final stage in the preparation of the layout. If in the process of technical editing will be identified over 5% errors, we recommend, after making changes to the layout, perform a final proofreading.

Semantic editing
If you have text and you want to improve its structure, to build or rebuild the logic of presentation, then you can use the "Semantic editing".
Semantic editing — the most powerful, deep edit. In the process editor first determines the future structure of the text and then performs semantic editing, following the selected structure.

Adaptation translations
The translation should read as a text written in English. But in any case remains a certain amount of untranslatable units (words, phraseological units, and sometimes whole phrases), i.e., for which there is no equivalent. To get out of the situation can be different. In free translation social or cultural realia in the source text are replaced by corresponding realities in translation. As a result, the objects, facts and events mentioned in the translation, become clear to the English audience.

The word or expression that is absent in the English language, it is possible to borrow from the language of the source without any changes. Another way is to copy the untranslatable word that is translated separately to its relevant parts. Sometimes you can resort to descriptive translation and replace one word of the source text by a group of words or a phrase in the target language.
In addition, English is incomprehensible to the reader the realities can be interpreted in the notes. Also in notes can be attributed to the play of words.

If a translated legal document (e.g. contract), it is essential to ensure adequate translation of all terms used. Only in this case, you can count on the fact that the document will be recognized in another country is valid.

Adaptation of translations may be required in different situations — serious retelling of artwork for children or special text for non-specialists. But always when adaptation is necessary to solve two problems: first, not to deviate from the original, preserving its content and style, and secondly, to make the translated text accessible to the English reader. We conduct a literary adaptation of translations from all languages and adapts texts to the modern English reality.